[案情]
2012年2月27日15时许，被告人何某、彭某听说其朋友曹某家来了两位洽谈商务的浙江人，比较有钱，遂起歹意，欲行抢劫，于是来到曹某家，并当场对正在与曹某谈生意的胡某、张某等人实施抢劫，所抢金额为人民币5000元。由于何某、彭某认识户主曹某，所以未对曹某进行抢劫。
[分歧]
本案的主要分歧是在主人家抢劫客人的财物是否构成入户抢劫。一种意见认为不构成入户抢劫。理由主要有：首先，本案被告人抢劫的对象系人而非户。被告人抢劫的对象是浙江商人胡某、张某，而非曹某及其家人。被告人虽以抢劫为目的非法进入他人住所，但对被害人来说，该住所不过是一个临时谈生意的场所，不具有家庭生活之实质内容，故不应认定为入户抢劫。其次，被告人胡某、张某没有对户主曹某实施抢劫。曹某本人及生活并居住于该户内的人没有受到胡某和张某抢劫行为的侵害。刑法所保护的法益及户的权利亦没有受到侵犯，因此不能认定胡某和张某构成入户抢劫。另一种意见认为在主人家抢劫客人构成入户抢劫。
[评析]
入户抢劫系抢劫罪的加重处罚情节，不论抢劫行为是否造成严重的后果，只要该行为符合入户抢劫的构成要件，起点量刑即在10年以上。刑法之所以如此规定，主要是基于对户的极力保护。家庭是社会的基本组成单元。户是家庭赖以生存的基础，是公民人身、财产安全的重要屏障，也是人们观念中最安全的生活场所。如果公民在户内的安全都无法保障，那么其将失去对整个社会安全保护的信赖。同时，户不仅是公民个人生活的地方，而是整个家庭的栖息场所。行为人对户的侵害，在威胁家庭全部财产的同时，也会危及家庭每一位成员的生命安全。由此可见，入户抢劫的危害性极大，因此刑法对其科以较为严厉的处罚。
笔者认为在主人家抢劫客人应构成入户抢劫。理由如下：
一、入户的非法性
被告人何某、彭某在主观上意在入户实施抢劫，具有非法性的目的，属非法入户。
二、符合刑法及相关司法解释关于“户”的界定
最高人民法院《关于审理抢劫、抢夺刑事案件适用法律若干问题的意见》（以下简称《抢劫解释》）这样描述对“户”的范围的界定，“户”在这里指住所，其特征表现为供他人家庭生活和与外界相对隔离两个方面，前者为功能特征，后者为场所特征。本案被告人所入侵的“户”即曹某家，无疑完全符合《抢劫解释》关于“户”的界定。
三、入户抢劫应对户不对人
入户抢劫作为抢劫罪的法定加重处罚情节，体现了刑法对“户”的着力保护。刑法侧重保护的是户的安全机能和居民对户的信赖利益，而非特定居民的人身和财产权利。对客人实施抢劫，并不因为客人没有对户的使用权和居住权，或者没有实质的家庭生活内容，就判定其不受户的保护。刑法之所以将入户抢劫规定为抢劫罪的加重处罚情节，主要是因为入户抢劫的危害性极大。公民的家庭生活，户内所有在场的人及其财产，都不可避免地受到罪犯的侵害或威胁。被告人以抢劫的目的进入他人住宅，即使抢劫对象并非住宅主人，但客观上仍侵犯了公民住宅不受侵犯的宪法权利。我国刑法也规定了非法侵入住宅罪，即是指未经允许非法进入他人住宅或经要求退出无故拒不退出的行为。在户与外界相对隔离被害人孤立无援的情况下，该行为不仅严重危及户内所有在场人员的人身及财产安全，而且也侵犯了客居住宅或者前来拜访、玩耍、临时逗留的人对于户的安全的信赖利益。
“对户不对人”即只要在户内实施抢劫，不管抢劫对象系何人，都构成入户抢劫。
由此可见，无论是从字面意思对户进行文理解释，还是以立法精神对户进行论理解释，都没有理由把入户抢劫的对象仅限定于户主及其家人。因此，非法进入他人住所实施抢劫，不管所抢为何人，都构成入户抢劫。
（作者单位：江西省萍乡市中级人民法院刑事审判第二庭）
国务院关于修改《中华人民共和国进出口关税条例》的决定（附英文）
国务院
国务院关于修改《中华人民共和国进出口关税条例》的决定（附英文）
1992年3月18日，国务院
决定
国务院根据《中华人民共和国海关法》的规定和几年来海关工作的实践经验，决定对《中华人民共和国进出口关税条例》作如下修改和补充：
一、第二条增加一款，作为第二款：“从境外采购进口的原产于中国境内的货物，海关依照《海关进出口税则》征收进口关税。”
二、第五条修改为：“进出境的旅客行李物品和个人邮递物品征免税办法，由国务院关税税则委员会另行规定。”
三、第六条修改为：“进口关税设普通税率和优惠税率。对原产于与中华人民共和国未订有关税互惠协议的国家或者地区的进口货物，按照普通税率征税；对原产于与中华人民共和国订有关税互惠协议的国家或者地区的进口货物，按照优惠税率征税。
前款规定按照普通税率征税的进口货物，经国务院关税税则委员会特别批准，可以按照优惠税率征税。
任何国家或者地区对其进口的原产于中华人民共和国的货物征收歧视性关税或者给予其他歧视性待遇的，海关对原产于该国家或者地区的进口货物，可以征收特别关税。征收特别关税的货物品种、税率和起征、停征时间，由国务院关税税则委员会决定，并公布施行。”
四、删去第七条。
五、增加一条，作为第七条：“进出口货物，应当依照《海关进出口税则》规定的归类原则归入合适的税号，并按照适用的税率征税。”
六、增加一条，作为第九条：“进出口货物的补税和退税，适用该进出口货物原申报进口或者出口之日所实施的税率。具体办法由海关总署另行规定。”
七、第十条改为第十一条，修改为：“进口货物的到岸价格经海关审查未能确定的，海关应当依次以下列价格为基础估定完税价格：
（一）从该项进口货物同一出口国或者地区购进的相同或者类似货物的成交价格；
（二）该项进口货物的相同或者类似货物在国际市场上的成交价格；
（三）该项进口货物的相同或者类似货物在国内市场上的批发价格，减去进口关税、进口环节其他税收以及进口后的运输、储存、营业费用及利润后的价格；
（四）海关用其他合理方法估定的价格。”
八、第十二条改为第十三条，增加一款作为第二款：“前款所述货物的品种和具体管理办法，由海关总署另行规定。”
九、增加一条，作为第十五条：“进口货物的完税价格，应当包括为了在境内制造、使用、出版或者发行的目的而向境外支付的与该进口货物有关的专利、商标、著作权以及专有技术、计算机软件和资料等费用。”
十、第十四条改为第十六条，修改为：“出口货物应当以海关审定的货物售与境外的离岸价格，扣除出口关税后，作为完税价格。离岸价格不能确定时，完税价格由海关估定。”
十一、增加一条，作为第十七条：“进出口货物的收发货人或者他们的代理人，应当如实向海关申报进出口货物的成交价格。申报的成交价格明显低于或者高于相同或者类似货物的成交价格的，由海关依照本条例的规定确定完税价格。”
十二、第二十二条改为第二十五条，增加一款作为第二款：“海关应当自受理退税申请之日起三十日内作出书面答复并通知退税申请人。”
十三、第二十四条改为第二十七条，增加一款作为第三款：“因故退还的境外进口货物，由原收货人或者他们的代理人申报出境，并提供原进口单证，经海关审查核实，可以免征出口关税。但是，已征收的进口关税，不予退还。”
十四、第二十七条改为第三十条，增加一款作为第三款：“暂时进口的施工机械、工程车辆、工程船舶等经海关核准酌予延长期限的，在延长期内由海关按照货物的使用时间征收进口关税。具体办法由海关总署另行规定。”
十五、第二十八条改为第三十一条，增加一句：“或者对进口料、件先征进口关税，再按照实际加工出口的成品数量予以退税。”
十六、增加一条，作为第三十五条：“依照国家法律、法规的规定给予特定关税减免优惠的进口货物，在监管年限内经海关核准出售、转让或者移作他用时，应当按照其使用时间折旧估价，补征进口关税。监管年限由海关总署另行规定。”
十七、第三十二条改为第三十六条，修改为：“纳税义务人对海关确定的进出口货物的征税、减税、补税或者退税等有异议时，应当先按照海关核定的税额缴纳税款，然后自海关填发税款缴纳证之日起三十日内，向海关书面申请复议。逾期申请复议的，海关不予受理。”
此外，对部分条文的文字和条款的顺序作了相应的修改和调整。
本决定自一九九二年四月一日起施行。
《中华人民共和国进出口关税条例》根据本决定作相应的修正，重新发布。
中华人民共和国进出口关税条例
第一章 总 则
第一条 为了贯彻对外开放政策，促进对外经济贸易和国民经济的发展，根据《中华人民共和国海关法》的有关规定，制定本条例。
第二条 中华人民共和国准许进出口的货物，除国家另有规定的以外，海关依照《中华人民共和国海关进出口税则》（以下简称《海关进出口税则》）征收进口关税或者出口关税。
从境外采购进口的原产于中国境内的货物，海关依照《海关进出口税则》征收进口关税。
《海关进出口税则》是本条例的组成部分。
第三条 国务院成立关税税则委员会，其职责是提出制定或者修订《进出口关税条例》、《海关进出口税则》的方针、政策、原则，审议税则修订草案，制定暂定税率，审定局部调整税率。
国务院关税税则委员会的组成由国务院规定。
第四条 进口货物的收货人、出口货物的发货人，是关税的纳税义务人。
接受委托办理有关手续的代理人，应当遵守本条例对其委托人的各项规定。
第五条 进出境的旅客行李物品和个人邮递物品征免税办法，由国务院关税税则委员会另行规定。
第二章 税率的运用
第六条 进口关税设普通税率和优惠税率。对原产于与中华人民共和国未订有关税互惠协议的国家或者地区的进口货物，按照普通税率征税；对原产于与中华人民共和国订有关税互惠协议的国家或者地区的进口货物，按照优惠税率征税。
前款规定按照普通税率征税的进口货物，经国务院关税税则委员会特别批准，可以按照优惠税率征税。
任何国家或者地区对其进口的原产于中华人民共和国的货物征收歧视性关税或者给予其他歧视性待遇的，海关对原产于该国家或者地区的进口货物，可以征收特别关税。征收特别关税的货物品种、税率和起征、停征时间，由国务院关税税则委员会决定，并公布施行。
第七条 进出口货物，应当依照《海关进出口税则》规定的归类原则归入合适的税号，并按照适用的税率征税。
第八条 进出口货物，应当按照收发货人或者他们的代理人申报进口或者出口之日实施的税率征税。
进口货物到达前，经海关核准先行申报的，应当按照装载此项货物的运输工具申报进境之日实施的税率征税。
第九条 进出口货物的补税和退税，适用该进出口货物原申报进口或者出口之日所实施的税率。具体办法由海关总署另行规定。
第三章 完税价格的审定
第十条 进口货物以海关审定的成交价格为基础的到岸价格作为完税价格。到岸价格包括货价，加上货物运抵中华人民共和国关境内输入地点起卸前的包装费、运费、保险费和其他劳务费等费用。
第十一条 进口货物的到岸价格经海关审查未能确定的，海关应当依次以下列价格为基础估定完税价格：
（一）从该项进口货物同一出口国或者地区购进的相同或者类似货物的成交价格；
（二）该项进口货物的相同或者类似货物在国际市场上的成交价格；
（三）该项进口货物的相同或者类似货物在国内市场上的批发价格，减去进口关税、进口环节其他税收以及进口后的运输、储存、营业费用及利润后的价格；
（四）海关用其他合理方法估定的价格。
第十二条 运往境外修理的机械器具、运输工具或者其他货物，出境时已向海关报明并在海关规定期限内复运进境的，应当以海关审定的修理费和料件费作为完税价格。
第十三条 运往境外加工的货物，出境时已向海关报明并在海关规定期限内复运进境的，应当以加工后的货物进境时的到岸价格与原出境货物或者相同、类似货物在进境时的到岸价格之间的差额，作为完税价格。
前款所述货物的品种和具体管理办法，由海关总署另行规定。
第十四条 以租赁（包括租借）方式进口的货物，应当以海关审定的货物的租金，作为完税价格。
第十五条 进口货物的完税价格，应当包括为了在境内制造、使用、出版或者发行的目的而向境外支付的与该进口货物有关的专利、商标、著作权以及专有技术、计算机软件和资料等费用。
第十六条 出口货物应当以海关审定的货物售与境外的离岸价格，扣除出口关税后，作为完税价格。离岸价格不能确定时，完税价格由海关估定。
第十七条 进出口货物的收发货人或者他们的代理人，应当如实向海关申报进出口货物的成交价格。申报的成交价格明显低于或者高于相同或者类似货物的成交价格的，由海关依照本条例的规定确定完税价格。
第十八条 进出口货物的收发货人或者他们的代理人，在向海关递交进出口货物报关单时，应当交验载明货物的真实价格、运费、保险费和其他费用的发票（如有厂家发票应附在内）、包装清单和其他有关单证。
前款各项单证应当由进出口货物的收发货人或者他们的代理人签印证明无讹。
第十九条 海关审核进出口货物完税价格时，收发货人或者他们的代理人应当交验发票等单证；必要时海关可以检查买卖双方的有关合同、帐册、单据和文件，或者作其他调查。对于已经完税放行的货物，海关仍可检查货物的上述有关资料。
第二十条 进出口货物的收发货人或者他们的代理人，在递交进出口货物报关单时未交验第十八条规定的各项单证的，应当按照海关估定的完税价格完税；事后补交单证的，税款不予调整。
第二十一条 进出口货物的到岸价格、离岸价格或者租金、修理费、料件费等以外币计价的，由海关按照填发税款缴纳证之日国家外汇管理部门公布的《人民币外汇牌价表》的买卖中间价，折合人民币计征关税。《人民币外汇牌价表》未列入的外币，按照国家外汇管理部门确定的汇率折合人民币。
第四章 税款的缴纳、退补
第二十二条 进出口货物的收发货人或者他们的代理人，应当在海关填发税款缴纳证的次日起七日内（星期日和法定节假日除外），向指定银行缴纳税款。逾期缴纳的，除依法追缴外，由海关自到期的次日起至缴清税款日止，按日加收欠缴税款1‰的滞纳金。
第二十三条 海关征收关税、滞纳金等，除海关总署另有规定的以外，应当按人民币计征。
第二十四条 海关征收关税、滞纳金等，应当制发收据。收据格式由海关总署规定。
第二十五条 有下列情形之一的，进出口货物的收发货人或者他们的代理人，可以自缴纳税款之日起一年内，书面声明理由，连同原纳税收据向海关申请退税，逾期不予受理：
（一）因海关误征，多纳税款的；
（二）海关核准免验进口的货物，在完税后，发现有短卸情事，经海关审查认可的；
（三）已征出口关税的货物，因故未装运出口，申报退关，经海关查验属实的。
海关应当自受理退税申请之日起三十日内作出书面答复并通知退税申请人。
第二十六条 进出口货物完税后，如发现少征或者漏征税款，海关应当自缴纳税款或者货物放行之日起一年内，向收发货人或者他们的代理人补征。因收发货人或者他们的代理人违反规定而造成少征或者漏征的，海关在三年内可以追征。
第五章 关税的减免及审批程序
第二十七条 下列货物，经海关审查无讹，可以免税：
（一）关税税额在人民币十元以下的一票货物；
（二）无商业价值的广告品和货样；
（三）外国政府、国际组织无偿赠送的物资；
（四）进出境运输工具装载的途中必需的燃料、物料和饮食用品。
因故退还的我国出口货物，由原发货人或者他们的代理人申报进境，并提供原出口单证，经海关审查核实，可以免征进口关税。但是，已征收的出口关税，不予退还。
因故退还的境外进口货物，由原收货人或者他们的代理人申报出境，并提供原进口单证，经海关审查核实，可以免征出口关税。但是，已征收的进口关税，不予退还。
第二十八条 有下列情形之一的进口货物，海关可以酌情减免关税：
（一）在境外运输途中或者在起卸时，遭受损坏或者损失的；
（二）起卸后海关放行前，因不可抗力遭受损坏或者损失的；
（三）海关查验时已经破漏、损坏或者腐烂，经证明不是保管不慎造成的。
第二十九条 中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的国际条约规定减征、免征关税的货物、物品，海关应当按照规定予以减免关税。
第三十条 经海关核准暂时进境或者暂时出境并在六个月内复运出境或者复运进境的货样、展览品、施工机械、工程车辆、工程船舶、供安装设备时使用的仪器和工具、电视或者电影摄制器械、盛装货物的容器以及剧团服装道具，在货物收发货人向海关缴纳相当于税款的保证金或者提供担保后，准予暂时免纳关税。
前款规定的六个月期限，海关可以根据情况酌予延长。
暂时进口的施工机械、工程车辆、工程船舶等经海关核准酌予延长期限的，在延长期内由海关按照货物的使用时间征收进口关税。具体办法由海关总署另行规定。
第三十一条 为境外厂商加工、装配成品和为制造外销产品而进口的原材料、辅料、零件、部件、配套件和包装物料，海关按照实际加工出口的成品数量免征进口关税；或者对进口料、件先征进口关税，再按照实际加工出口的成品数量予以退税。
第三十二条 无代价抵偿的进出口货物的关税征免办法，由海关总署另行规定。
第三十三条 经济特区等特定地区进出口的货物，中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业、外资企业等特定企业进出口的货物以及其他依法给予关税减免优惠的进出口货物，按照国家有关规定减税或者免税。
第三十四条 收发货人或者他们的代理人，要求对其进出口货物临时减征或者免征进出口关税的，应当在货物进出口前书面说明理由，并附必要的证明和资料，向所在地海关申请。所在地海关审查属实后，转报海关总署，由海关总署或者海关总署会同财政部按照国务院的规定审查批准。
第三十五条 依照国家法律、法规的规定给予特定关税减免优惠的进口货物，在监管年限内经海关核准出售、转让或者移作他用时，应当按照其使用时间折旧估价，补征进口关税。监管年限由海关总署另行规定。
第六章 申诉程序
第三十六条 纳税义务人对海关确定的进出口货物的征税、减税、补税或者退税等有异议时，应当先按照海关核定的税额缴纳税款，然后自海关填发税款缴纳证之日起三十日内，向海关书面申请复议。逾期申请复议的，海关不予受理。
第三十七条 海关应当自收到复议申请之日起十五日内作出复议决定。
纳税义务人对复议决定不服的，可以自收到复议决定书之日起十五日内，向海关总署申请复议。
第三十八条 海关总署收到纳税义务人的复议申请后，应当在三十日内作出复议决定，并制成决定书交海关送达申请人。
纳税义务人对海关总署的复议决定仍然不服的，可以自收到复议决定书之日起十五日内，向人民法院起诉。
第七章 罚 则
第三十九条 违反本条例的规定构成走私或者违反海关监管规定的行为的，依照《中华人民共和国海关法》、《中华人民共和国海关法行政处罚实施细则》和其他有关法律、法规的规定处理。
第八章 附 则
第四十条 海关对检举或者协助查获违反本条例的偷税漏税行为的单位和个人，应当按照规定给予奖励，并负责保密。
第四十一条 本条例由中华人民共和国海关总署负责解释。
第四十二条 本条例自一九九二年四月一日起施行。
REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON IMPORT AND EXPORTDUTIES
(Promulgated by the State Council on March 7, 1985, amended andpromulgated by the State Council on September 12, 1987, amended andpromulgated for a second time on March 18, 1992 according to the Decisionof the State Council on Am
ending the Regulations of the People's Republicof China onImport and Export Duties)
Important Notice: (注意事项)
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON IMPORT AND EXPORT DUTIES
(Promulgated by the State Council on March 7, 1985, amended and
promulgated by the State Council on September 12, 1987, amended and
promulgated for a second time on March 18, 1992 according to the Decision
of the State Council on Amending the Regulations of the People's Republic
of China on Import and Export Duties)
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
These Regulations are formulated in accordance with the relevant
provisions of Customs Law of the People's Republic of China with a view to
implementing the policy of opening to the outside world and promoting the
development of foreign economic relations and foreign trade and the
national economy.
Article 2
All goods permitted to be imported into or exported out of the People's
Republic of China shall, unless otherwise provided for by the State, be
subject to the levy of Customs import or export duties according to the
Customs Import and Export Tariff of the People's Republic of China
(hereinafter referred to as Customs Import and Export Tariff).
If goods originating within Chinese territory are purchased from outside
Chinese territory for import, Customs shall levy import duty in accordance
with the Customs Import and Export Tariff.
Customs Import and Export Tariff is an integral part of these Regulations.
Article 3
The Tariff Commission established by the State Council is charged with the
responsibility to formulate or amend the guideline, policies and
principles for Regulations on Import and Export Duties and Customs Import
and Export Tariff, to examine the draft of amendments of Tariff, to set
temporary tariff rates and to examine and approve partial adjustment of
tariff rates.
The composition of the State Council Customs Tariff Commission shall be
prescribed by the State Council.
Article 4
Both the consignee of imports and the consignor of exports are persons
obligated to pay Customs duties.
The agent entrusted to go through the related procedures shall abide by
all the provisions of these Regulations pertaining to his client.
Article 5
The measures on the levy of or exemption from import or export duties on
incoming and outgoing passengers luggage and articles and on personal
postal matters shall be formulated by the State Council Customs Tariff
Commission.
Chapter II Application of Tariff Rates
Article 6
Customs import duty shall be calculated in accordance with general tariff
rates and preferential tariff rates. The general tariff rate shall apply
to an import originating in a country or region with which the People's
Republic of China has not yet signed an agreement containing reciprocal
preferential tariff clauses. The preferential tariff rate shall apply to
an import originating in a country or region with which the People's
Republic of China has signed an agreement containing reciprocal
preferential tariff clauses.
Imports to which general tariff rates apply pursuant to the provisions of
the previous paragraph may have duty levied in accordance with
preferential tariff rates subject to special approval from the State
Council Customs Tariff Commission.
If imports originating in the People's Republic of China are subject to
discriminatory rates of duty or other types of discriminatory treatment by
any country or region, Customs may impose a special Customs duty on
imports originating in the said country or region. The State Council
Customs Tariff Commission shall determine and promulgate for
implementation details of the types of goods subject to the special
Customs duty, the duty rates and the time period when such levies commence
and finish.
Article 7
Import and export commodities shall be classified under appropriate tax
item numbers in accordance with the category provisions of the Customs
Import and Export Tariff and shall be subject to tax levies pursuant to
relevant tax rates.
Article 8
Customs duties shall be levied on imports or exports at the tariff rates
obtaining on the date of declaration for imports or exports by the
consignee or consignor or his agent.
Imports which are permitted by the Customs to be declared prior to their
entry shall be subject to the levy of import duties at the tariff rates
obtaining on the date of entry of the means of transport involved.
Article 9
If an import or export is subject to a supplementary duty payment or
refund of duty, the rate of duty on the date of the good's original import
or export declaration shall apply. The specific measures shall be
formulated by the Customs General Administration.
Chapter III Verification of the Duty-paying Value
Article 10
The duty-paying value of the goods to be imported shall be assessed
according to the CIF price based on the normal transaction price verified
by the Customs. The CIF price shall cover the price of the goods, packing
charges, freight, insurance premiums and other service charges incurred
prior to the unloading of the goods at the port of entry in the Customs
territory of the People's Republic of China.
Article 11
If unable through examination to determine the CIF price of an import, the
Customs shall assess its duty-paying value based successively on the
following prices:
(1) the transaction price of an item equivalent or similar to and from the
same country or region of origin as the said import:
(2) the transaction price on the international market of an item
equivalent or similar to the said import;
(3) the wholesale price on the domestic market of an item equivalent or
similar to the said import, minus import duty, other import-linked taxes
or duty and the post-import transport, storage and business costs and
after-profit price;
(4) a price valued by the Customs using other reasonable methods.
Article 12
The duty-paying value of mechanic appliances, means of transport or any
other goods, which were shipped out of the Customs territory for the
purpose of repairs with the declaration for exports made in advance and
shipped back into the Customs territory within the time limit set by the
Customs shall be identical with the normal charges on the repairs and the
cost of materials and spare parts used for the repairs, both of which
shall be subject to the examination and approval by the Customs.
Article 13
The duty-paying value of the goods which were shipped out of the Customs
territory for processing with the declaration for exports made to the
Customs in advance and shipped back into the Customs territory within the
time limit set by the Customs shall be identical with the difference
between the CIF price of the processed goods at the time of entry and the
CIF price of the original goods shipped out of the Customs territory or of
the identical or similar goods at the time of entry.
The specific measures shall be formulated by the Customs General
Administration governing the varieties of the aforesaid goods and their
control.
Article 14
The duty-paying value of the goods to be imported on lease (including
those for rent) shall be assessed according to the rental for the goods,
which is subject to the examination and approval by the Customs.
Article 15
The duty-paying value of the goods to be imported shall include fees for
patents, trademarks, copyright, proprietary technology, computer software,
information, etc., which are incurred in relation to the said imports and
paid to foreign parties in order that the goods may be manufactured, used,
published or distributed domestically.
Article 16
The duty-paying value of the goods to be exported for sale shall be
identical with the FOB price of the goods with the export duties deducted.
The above FOB price shall be subject to the examination and approval by
the Customs. If unable to determine the FOB price of an export, the
Customs shall assess its duty-paying value.
Article 17
The consignee and consignor of imports or exports or their agents shall
accurately declare the transaction price of the said imports and exports.
If the declared transaction price is significantly lower or higher than
the transaction price of equivalent or similar goods, the Customs shall
determine the duty-paying value pursuant to the provisions of these
Regulations.
Article 18
The consignee of imports or consignor of exports or their agents shall, at
the time of submitting the declaration for imports or exports, produce to
the Customs the invoices indicating the real price, freight, insurance
premiums and other expenses incurred for the goods (with manufactures'
invoices, if any), packing lists and other relevant papers for the
examination and approval by the Customs. All the above invoices and papers
shall be signed and stamped by the consignee or consignor or his agent to
affirm their authenticity.
Article 19
The consignee or consignor or his agent shall produce the invoices and
other papers for the Customs to assess the duty-paying value of the goods
to be imported or exported. If necessary, the Customs may examine the
relevant contracts, accounts, bills and other papers of both the buyers
and the sellers or make any further investigation. The Customs may also
check the above documents and papers even after the levy of Customs duties
on, and the release of the goods in question.
Article 20
In case the consignee and consignor or his agent fail to produce the
relevant documents and papers stipulated in Article 18 for examination by
the Customs at the time of submitting the declaration for imports or
exports, Customs duties shall be levied according to the duty-paying value
assessed by the Customs. No adjustment shall be made of the Customs duties
already collected even though the relevant documents and papers are
subsequently produced to the Customs.
Article 21
In case the CIF price of imports, the FOB price of exports, the rental for
imported or exported goods, the charges on repairs or the cost of
materials and spare parts are computed in foreign currencies, they shall
be converted into RMB at the price between the buying and selling prices
quoted by the State administrative organ in charge of exchange control in
Schedule of Exchange Rates of RMB Against Foreign Currencies on the date
of issuance of the duty memorandum. In case the exchange rate of any
foreign currency is not available in the Schedule, the Customs may apply
the exchange rate set by the above administrative organ.
Chapter IV Payment Refund and Recovery of Customs Duties
Article 22
The consignee or consignor or his agent shall pay Customs duties at the
designated bank within seven days (excluding Sundays and national
holidays) after the date of issuance of the duty memorandum by the
Customs. In case of any payment in arrears, the Customs may order the
fulfilment of the payment according to law, and 1? of the total amount of
the overdue Customs duties shall be charged as a fee on delayed payment
per day from the eighth day to the date of fulfilment of the payment.
Article 23
The Customs shall levy Customs duties and charge fees on delayed payment
of RMB unless otherwise provided for by the Customs General
Administration.
Article 24
The Customs shall issue receipts for any Customs duties collected or any
fees on delayed payment charged. The form of the receipt shall be
prescribed by the Customs General Administration.
Article 25
Under any of the following circumstances, the consignee or the consignor
or his agent may, within one year from the date of payment of Customs
duties, claim for a refund from the Customs by submitting to the Customs a
written application specifying the reasons therefor, and the receipt for
the paid Customs duties attached failing which his claim shall not be
entertained:
(1) any amount of Customs duties is overpaid as a result of the wrong
assessment by the Customs;
(2) any duty paid on goods imported which are exempted from the
examination by the Customs are discovered to be short-landed with the
verification by the Customs;
(3) any duty paid on goods to exported are not shipped for some reasons
and declared to the Customs as shut-out cargo with the verification by the
Customs. Any delayed application for a refund shall not be accepted.
The Customs shall complete a written response and notify a duty refund
applicant within 30 days of accepting a refund application.
Article 26
In case Customs duties are short-levied or not levied on imports or
exports, the Customs may, within one year after the date of payment of
Customs duties or the date of release of the goods, recover the amount of
Customs duties short-levied or not levied. If any imports or exports are
short-levied or not levied owing to an act in violation of the Customs
regulations by the consignee or consignor or his agent, the Customs may
recover from him the Customs duties short-levied or not levied within
three years.
Chapter V Reduction or Exemption of Customs Duties and theProcedures for Examination and Approval
Article 27
Goods falling in any following categories may be exempted from the levy of
Customs duties upon verification by the Customs:
(1) goods of a consignment on which Customs duties are estimated to be
below RMB ten yuan;
(2) advertising matters and samples, which are of no commercial value;
(3) goods and materials, which are rendered gratis by international
organizations or foreign governments;
(4) fuels, stores, beverages and provisions for use en route loaded on any
means of transport, which is in transit across the frontier.
In case any goods exported are shipped back into the Customs territory for
some reason, the original consignor or his agent shall submit a
declaration for entry with the original documents and papers attached and
verified by the Customs, import duties may be exempted. However, the
export duties already collected shall not be refunded. Imports returned
abroad for any reason shall be declared to the Customs at the place of
exit by the original consignee or agent and the original import
documentation shall be presented. If the Customs examination verifies the
details, export duties may be exempted, but import duties already paid
shall not be refunded.
Article 28
The Customs may, in consideration of any of the following circumstances,
grant reduction or exemption of Customs duties on any goods falling in any
of the following categories:
(1) goods damaged, destroyed or lost en route to the Customs territory or
at the time of unloading;
(2) goods damaged, destroyed or lost as a result force majeure after
unloading but prior to release;
(3) goods discovered already leaky, damaged or rotten at the time of the
examination by the Customs, provided the cause is proved to be other than
improper storage.
Article 29
Customs duties shall be reduced or exempted on goods and article in
accordance with the relevant provisions of the international treaties, to
which the People's Republic of China is a contracting or acceding party.
Article 30
The levy of Customs duties may be exempted temporarily on samples,
exhibits, engineering equipment, vehicles and vessels for construction,
instruments and tools for installation, cinematographic and television
apparatus, containers of goods, and theatrical costumes and paraphernalia,
which are permitted by the Customs to be temporarily shipped into or out
of the Customs territory and reshipped out of or into the Customs
territory within six months, provided a deposit of an amount equivalent to
that of the Customs duties or a guarantee is submitted to the Customs by
the consignee or consignor.
The time limit of six months stipulated in the preceding paragraph may be
extended at the discretion of the Customs.
If, subject to examination and approval by the Customs, an extension of
the import period is granted for temporarily imported engineering
equipment, vehicles and vessels for construction, etc, the Customs shall,
during the extension period, levy import duty pursuant to the period of
usage of the respective goods. The specific measures shall be separately
formulated by the Customs General Administration.
Article 31
Raw materials, supplementary materials, parts, components, accessories and
packing materials imported for processing and assembling finished products
for foreign business persons or for manufacturing products for export
shall be exempt from import duties pursuant to the actual amount of goods
processed for export; or import duties may be levied up-front on import
materials and parts and subsequently refunded pursuant to the actual
amount of goods processed for export.
Article 32
Measures on the levy or exemption of Customs duties on free replacement
goods shall be separately formulated by the Customs General
Administration.
Article 33
Customs duties shall be reduced or exempted in accordance with the
provisions set out in the relevant regulations on goods imported into or
exported out of the designated areas, such as special economic zones or
the designated enterprises, such as Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures,
Chinese-foreign contractual joint ventures and sole enterprises with
foreign investment, and also on goods falling in the category of
preferential treatment by laws and regulations.
Article 34
In case the consignee or consignor or his agent applies for ad hoc
reduction or exemption of Customs duties on imports or exports, a written
application specifying the reason therein and necessary documentary
evidence shall be submitted to the Customs for examination prior to the
importation or exportation of the goods. The Customs shall transmit the
application verified to the Customs General Administration, which may, in
accordance with the relevant regulations formulated by the State Council,
examine and approve it with or without consulting with the Ministry of
Finance.
Article 35
If the Customs, in relation to imports granted preferential duty
reductions or exemptions pursuant to the provisions of the State laws or
regulations, examines and approves, within the supervisory and control
period, an application for the sale or assignment of such goods or their
use for other purposes, the value of the goods shall be reappraised in
accordance with the period of usage and supplementary payments of import
duties made. The supervisory and control limit of years shall be
formulated separately by the Customs General Administration.
Chapter VI Procedures for Appeal
Article 36
If a person obliged to pay Customs duties disagrees with a decision by the
Customs in relation to such matters as duty payment, duty reduction,
supplementary payment or the refund of duty paid on imports and exports,
the party concerned shall first pay the amount determined by the Customs,
and then, within 30 days of the Customs issuing a receipt of payment,
lodged with the Customs a written application for reconsideration. The
Customs shall not accept an appeal lodge after the expiry of the
prescribed time limit.
Article 37
The Customs shall make its decision on the appeal within 15 days as of the
date of receipt of the appeal.
Should the person obligated to pay Customs duties refuse to accept the
decision, he may appeal to the Customs General Administration for
reconsideration within 15 days as of the date of receipt of the notice of
decision.
Article 38
The Customs General Administration shall make its decision on the appeal
within 30 days after the date of receipt of the appeal and accordingly
notify the person obligated to pay Customs duties of the decision.
Should the person obligated to pay Customs duties find the decision made
by the Customs General Administration unacceptable, he may bring the case
to the people's court within 15 days as of the date of receipt of the said
decision.
Chapter VII Penalties
Article 39
Any act in violation of these Regulations which constitutes the crime of
smuggling, or of the regulations on the Customs supervision and control
shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of Customs Law of
the People's Republic of China, Regulations for Imposing Administrative
Penalties under the Customs Law of the People's Republic of China and
other relevant laws or regulations.
Chapter VIII Supplementary Provisions
Article 40
The Customs shall, in accordance with relevant regulations, reward any
individual or unit who provides any information or assistance which leads
to the uncovering of any evasion or avoidance of Customs duties in
violation of these Regulations. The identity of the individuals or units
concerned shall be kept confidential.
Article 41
The Customs General Administration shall be responsible for the
interpretation of these Regulations.
Article 42
These Regulations shall come into force as of April 1, 1992.
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