刑事不起诉制度初探
摘要：刑事不起诉制度是刑事诉讼制度的一个组成部分，新《刑事诉讼法》对不起诉制度作了重大修改。笔者对刑事不起诉制度的性质的界定、概念的表述进行了探讨，分析了刑事不起诉制度的理论价值和意义，对现行的不起诉制度的利弊提了自己的一些看法和完善的意见。
关键词： 刑事诉讼 不起诉制度 立法缺陷 完善意见
中图分类号：D 文献标识码：A
刑事不起诉制度是刑事诉讼制度的一个组成部分，是一项符合诉讼发展规律和方向，具有极大的实践意义的制度。1996年3月17日，第八届全国人民代表大会第四次会议通过了《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》修正案，在这个修正案中一个突出的变化就是废除了检察机关的免予起诉权，取而带之以扩大了范围的不起诉制度，使我国在法治化进程上迈出了可喜的一步。然而，由于制度本身设置上的一些失误以及在具体操作中的偏差，刑事不起诉制度的内在价值无法得到充分的实现。因此，我们有必要对刑事不起诉制度作深入的探究，充分认识这一制度的重大意义，同时检讨现行的不起诉制度的缺陷，以期对立法和司法实践有所帮助。
一、刑事不起诉制度的本质、概念的再认识
在新刑诉法颁布了四五年后的今天，当前一些实际部门的同志仍认为不起诉制度里的“有罪不诉”与免予起诉没有什么本质性的差别，只不过是换了个说法而已。正因为持这种看法的同志并非少数，使得我们很有必要重新界定不起诉的性质和概念。
（一）不起诉体现的是检察机关的一定的自由裁量权
我国现行的不起诉制度的三种情况中除了绝对不起诉规定的六种情况（刑诉法第142条第一款和第15条的规定）人民检察院应当作出不起诉的决定从而排除了检察机关的自由裁量权外，在另两种情形中（相对不起诉、存疑不起诉）检察机关都拥有相当的自由裁量权。我国刑事诉讼法修改前，检察机关在审查起诉中也拥有自由裁量权，它是通过免予起诉制度体现出来的。对于免予起诉制度所含有的裁量主义的功效，无论学术界、立法机关还是司法实践部门都持肯定态度。因此，在刑事诉讼法修改期间，立法机关采纳了关于取消这一制度的立法建议，同时将其部分纳入不起诉范围，使其所包含的起诉裁量的精神得以通过扩大了范围的不起诉得到发挥。
应当看到审查起诉中的自由裁量，存在着一定的价值冲突，主要是惩罚犯罪、维护秩序与诉讼经济、以宽大方式实现一定的刑事政策或者保障一定的政治利益之间存在一定的矛盾。起诉法定原则，即只要符合起诉条件必须起诉，不容检察机关在一定范围内进行自由裁量的作法，有利于惩罚犯罪、维护秩序，但事无巨细一律起诉容易导致诉讼成本过高、案件积压、效率低下，诉讼往往是不经济的；容许检察机关在一定范围内进行自由裁量，则反之。如果裁量权范围过大、权力行使中又缺乏节制，容易导致国家刑罚权在一些案件中难以得到落实，在有被害人的案件中往往不利于维护被害人的利益，满足不了被害人要求追究犯罪、惩罚犯罪人的愿望。因此正确理解不起诉制度中的自由裁量是保证其在实际的操作中发挥最大的作用的首要条件。
（二）不起诉是检察机关对案件所作的程序上的处分，而非实体上的处分
检察机关对某一案件作出不起诉的处分，表明检察机关将不向法院请求进行审判，放弃对犯罪嫌疑人的控诉。实质上是检察机关依其职权从程序上对案件所作的不予追诉的处分，而非对案件进行实体处分。检察机关的职能决定了其无权对案件进行实体处分，即检察机关不能处分当事人的人身和财产。不起诉对案件程序上的处理，是基于对案件实体的认识，但并非实体上的处分，更不能是有罪处理。
（三）不起诉意味着刑事诉讼程序的终止
根据“不告不理”原则，对未经起诉的刑事案件，法院不得受理和审判。因此不起诉的处分决定就表明刑事诉讼将不会进入审判阶段，阻断了刑事审判的继续进行，意味着刑事诉讼程序的终止。这也是不起诉决定的直接法律后果。
（四）不起诉终止诉讼的法律效力是相对的
根据台湾学者蔡墩铭、朱石炎的观点，案件虽经不起诉处分，无非追诉权之不行使而已，对于同一案件不过限制其再行起诉而已，该案之起诉权依然存在，并未因而消失，遇有发现新事实或新证据，或者原处分所凭证物已证明其为伪造或变造，或所凭之证言，鉴定以证明其为虚伪，或所凭之法院之裁判已经确定裁判变更，或参与侦查之检察官因该案件犯职务上之罪已经证明者，得再行起诉。〖1〗
因此检察机关不起诉决定的法律效力和法院生效判决的法律效力是有区别的，法院生效的实体判决，也意味着对诉讼案件程序上的终局性处理。而检察机关的不起诉决定，显然不具备即判力的法律效力。
通过以上分析并结合刑诉法第142条第1款第2款、第140条第4款规定及司法实践我们可以把不起诉的概念表述为：人民检察院对公安机关侦查终结移送起诉的案件或者自行侦查终结的案件，经审查认为犯罪嫌疑人具有法定不追究刑事责任的情形，或者犯罪情节轻微依法不需要判处刑罚或可免除刑罚的，以及证据不足不符合起诉条件的，作出不向人民法院提起公诉的一种处分决定。
二、刑事不起诉的价值所在
法律的价值是指作为主体的人对于作为客体的法律内涵的应有的价值因素的认识，是法律对人的需要的满足。这种价值含有两个层面：一是工具性价值，二是精神价值。前者指法是实现一定目标的手段，后者指人类对自己生存发展的秩序、条件和规则的意识，是一种社会化了的理性和理智的法需求。简言之，价值是指事物的用途或者积极作用。不起诉的法律价值，应指其在实现刑事诉讼目的中的用途或者积极作用。刑事不起诉制度是刑事诉讼制度的一个组成部分，其诉讼价值与刑事诉讼的价值有着密切的联系。目前学术界关于刑事诉讼的价值存在着诸多争论，甚至在具体操作时，还有价值冲突。那么，不起诉制度究竟价值何在？
首先，不起诉制度符合刑罚个别化和轻刑化的刑事政策。传统刑法注重刑罚的报应功能，刑罚强调报复和惩罚，突出刑法对犯罪实行特殊预防的作用，而单一地采取罪刑相适应原则，有罪必罚，罪罚相当；现代刑法，尤其在二战以后，由于政治、经济形势的变化，观念的更新及其他因素的影响，开始注重刑罚的教育功能，强调教育改造，更加重视一般预防，在采取罪刑相适应的原则时，采取刑罚个别化原则，探寻有无惩罚的必要。西方各国战后大都实行过所谓“非刑事化政策”，即对犯罪行为不一定均需诉诸法院而适用刑罚，可以采用保安处分、社会监督等其他手段来代替 〖2〗。刑诉制度应反映和体现刑法思想。战后的现代刑法思想反映在刑诉制度上，就是重其目的性，求其合理性。在起诉程序中赋予检察官以一定的自由裁量权，就是这种思想在刑诉制度上的体现。
其次，不起诉制度有利于经济合理使用司法资源。现代法律制度除了要实现公平、正义的价值目标外，还有一个重要的原则就是诉讼经济。西方经济分析法学派的代表人物波斯纳认为，法律程序在运作过程中会耗费大量的经济资源，为了提高司法活动的经济效益，应当将最大限度地减少这种经济资源的耗费作为对法律程序进行评价的一项基本价值标准，并在具体的司法活动中实现这一目标。〖3〗这就是说，法律程序应尽力缩小诉讼成本，而达到最大化收益。不起诉是检察官在审查起诉后对刑事案件进行审查“过滤”的结果，人民检察院根据刑事案件具体情况灵活处理便宜行事的自由裁量权，使得一些构成刑事犯罪但罪行较轻，依法可以免除处罚的刑事案件，不需要经过法院审判而在审查起诉阶段就能终止诉讼，从而简化刑事诉讼程序。而刑事诉讼程序环节的减少缩短了诉讼时间，减轻了讼累，节省了人力、物力等司法资源，可以使人民检察院和人民法院将主要精力投入到更为严重的刑事犯罪案件的起诉和审判中去，以提高诉讼质量和诉讼效率。
第三，有利于保护当事人的合法权益。现代刑事诉讼制度越来越注重保护当事人，尤其是犯罪嫌疑人和被害人的合法权益，尽力避免他们的合法权益在刑事诉讼中受到侵害。对于不应被追究刑事责任的犯罪嫌疑人来讲，尽早使之脱离被追究刑事责任的樊篱，是其最重要的利益所在。不起诉正是适时地终止了刑事诉讼，从而保障了犯罪嫌疑人的合法权益。
对被害人来讲，不起诉终止了对犯罪嫌疑人的追究，似乎不符合被害人的利益，但正确的不起诉并不损害被害人的合法权益，因为，被害人合法权益的保护，是以追究名符其实的犯罪嫌疑人的刑事责任为前提，与此同时，对应予追究刑事责任的案件如果作出了不起诉决定，法律允许被害人有权申诉或直接向法院起诉决定，这就从制度上保障了被害人的合法权益。
三、现行不起诉制度的缺陷
应该承认和肯定，修改后的刑诉法对我国公诉制度进行重大改革，扩大不起诉范围，具体明确了不起诉的适用条件，其所产生作用和具有的意义是积极的、不容置疑的。但是，不起诉制度也非尽善尽美，随着司法的实践，其不足逐渐暴露出来，这种不足既表现于不起诉适用条件的缺陷，也反映于不起诉制度中公诉转自诉改革所带来的问题。
（一）、不起诉的适用条件设定不够周密，存在漏项。
1、在审查起诉中发现类似告诉才处理的自诉案件，检察机关无公诉权，对这样的案件应作出绝对不起诉处理来终止公诉的程序为宜。但由于刑诉法第15条规定的情形与实际情况不尽吻合，因此，检察机关在作绝对不起诉决定时往往在法律的具体适用上无所适从。
2、在审查起诉中发现人民法院对案件没有管辖权或者案件曾经生效判决确定的，对这两类案件不能作出不起诉决定，而只能退回移送审查起诉的机关或部门，从而形成程序倒流。
3、在审查起诉中发现犯罪嫌疑人不属于“情节显著轻微，危害不大，不认为是犯罪的”情形，而属于完全无辜，既无犯罪行为也无违法行为的，只能将案件退回公安机关处理，而不能作出不起诉决定。
（二）、赋予人民检察院的起诉裁量权过小，抑制起诉便宜主义功效的发挥。
在我国现行的刑事不起诉制度中，人民检察院在作出不起诉时受到两方面的制约：一是法律严格限制相对不起诉的条件，强调相对不起诉的案件必须“犯罪情节轻微”；二是赋予被害人自诉权，“对人民检察院维持不起诉决定的，被害人可以向人民法院起诉，被害人也可以不经申诉，直接向人民法院起诉。”这两方面制约虽对遏制滥用起诉裁量权的倾向具有积极意义，但其又是以压缩检察机关本就有限的自由裁量权为代价的，特别是后一制约措施，赋予被害人自诉权，允许被害人不受不起诉决定法律效力的约束而转诉至人民法院，由人民法院最后决定是否给予实体处罚。这又使法院成为不起诉决定有无实际效力的最终裁决者，使法院审判成了最终解决的唯一途径。这无疑有异于法律赋予人民检察院一定的自由裁量权之本意，也使不起诉制度的立法所追求的诉讼经济原则大打折扣。
（三）、不起诉案件转诉不可避免地产生一定法律关系冲突和矛盾。
1、被害人的自诉权与犯罪嫌疑人合法权益冲突。
检察机关作出不起诉决定，无论是绝对的或是存疑的、或相对的，客观上实际承认了犯罪嫌疑人不再处于被追究的地位。据此，按照刑诉法第143条规定，如果犯罪嫌疑人在押，应立即释放，使其重归社会享有自由之身。但是由于对犯罪嫌疑人不起诉决定法律赋予被害人向人民法院的起诉权，这使得公诉转自诉后，在收到不起诉决定书到法庭决定受理被害人自诉案件这一段时间内，犯罪嫌疑人的合法权益受到损害。首先，犯罪嫌疑人人身仍处于一种被追究被起诉的地位，仍有被人民法院传唤出庭受审的可能。其此时在精神上、思想上所受到的压力是显而易见的。其次，犯罪嫌疑人因可能被追究、被起诉，其原则上不能离开居住地、不能外出，这必然在一定程序上限制了其自由活动。就此而言，赋予被害人自诉权虽提高了被害人的地位，但是被害人在享有自诉权的同时却也损害犯罪嫌疑人的合法权益，产生了被害人与犯罪嫌疑人两者权益对抗的格局。
2、被害人的起诉权与检察机关不起诉权的矛盾。
赋予被害人自诉权，以自诉制约不诉，于防止裁量权滥用有利。但凡事均有利弊，凡事均应“二分法”来看待、评断。刑诉法第3条、第136条分别规定，提起公诉由人民检察院行使，“凡需要提起公诉的案件一律由人民检察院审查决定。”由此不难看出，赋予被害人自诉权，允许被害人不受不起诉决定法律效力的约束，而向法院行使起诉权，实质上代替了人民检察院行使起诉权，分割了人民检察院的起诉权。这不仅与法律规定的职权分工相矛盾，还与公诉案件的起诉权归属的法理相违背。尽管自诉权与公诉权在主观上都是维护法律的尊严、保护人权惩罚犯罪，可客观上检察权与自诉权在案件性质认定上已存在不可回避的矛盾，在一定意义上讲，被害人行使自诉权是单方认为检察机关作出不起诉决定放纵犯罪。
四、完善刑事不起诉制度的一些建议
针对上列司法实践中所暴露和反映出的种种问题，笔者认为，完善不起诉制度，我们可以做以下几个方面的工作：
（一）进一步充实和完善不起诉的适用条件，充分发挥不起诉制度的功能。
笔者认为，现行不起诉适用条件所存缺陷是多方面原因作用的结果。这之中，既有认识问题，也有立法技术的问题。因此要完善不起诉的适用条件，在宏观上首先必须解决好两方面问题：
第一、不起诉适用条件的圈定应充分体现不起诉只具有终止公诉程序效力而没有确定犯罪的实体效力这一实质性效能，理顺并保证不起诉适用条件与不起诉实质效能的对应和协调关系。
第二、不起诉适用条件应全面包容和体现司法实践出现或可能出现的各种情形，不能因为某种情形在实践中仅仅是可能或出现的可能性较小而予以舍去。
中华人民共和国海关法行政处罚实施细则(附英文)
海关总署
中华人民共和国海关法行政处罚实施细则(附英文)
海关总署
（1987年6月30日国务院批准）
第一章 总 则
第一条 为了实施《中华人民共和国海关法》（以下简称《海关法》）关于法律责任的规定，根据《海关法》第六十条制定本实施细则。
第二条 不构成走私罪的走私行为，构成走私罪但依法免予起诉或者免除刑罚的行为，以及违反海关监管规定的行为的处理，适用本实施细则。
第二章 走私行为及处罚
第三条 有下列行为之一的，是走私行为：
（一）未经国务院或者国务院授权的机关批准，从未设立海关的地点运输、携带国家禁止进出境的物品、国家限制进出口或者依法应当缴纳关税的货物、物品进出境的；
（二）经过设立海关的地点，以藏匿、伪装、瞒报、伪报或者其他手法逃避海关监管，运输、携带、邮寄国家禁止进出境的物品、国家限制进出口或者依法应当缴纳关税的货物、物品进出境的；
（三）未经海关许可并补缴关税，擅自出售特准进口的保税货物、其他海关监管货物或者进境的境外运输工具的；
（四）未经海关许可并补缴关税，擅自出售特定减税或者免税进口用于特定企业、特定用途的货物，或者将特定减免税进口用于特定地区的货物擅自运往境内其他地区的。
第四条 有下列行为之一的，按走私行为论处：
（一）直接向走私人非法收购走私进口的货物、物品的；
（二）在内海、领海运输、收购、贩卖国家禁止进出境的物品的，或者运输、收购、贩卖国家限制进出口的货物、物品，没有合法证明的。
第五条 有本实施细则第三条、第四条所列行为之一的，按照下列规定处罚：
（一）走私国家禁止进出境的物品的，没收走私物品和违法所得，可以并处人民币五万元以下的罚款；
（二）走私国家限制进出口或者依法应当缴纳关税的货物、物品的，没收走私货物、物品和违法所得，可以并处走私货物、物品等值以下或者应缴税款三倍以下的罚款；
（三）专门用于掩护走私的货物、物品，应当没收；藏匿走私货物、物品的特制设备，应当没收或者责令拆毁。
走私货物、物品无法没收时，应当追缴走私货物、物品的等值价款。
第六条 对两人或者两人以上共同所为的走私行为，应当区别情节及责任，分别给予处罚。
知情不报并为走私人提供方便的，没收违法所得，可以并处违法所得两倍以下的罚款；没有违法所得的，处人民币五千元以下的罚款。
第七条 为走私准备工具、制造条件的，比照本实施细则第五条的规定从轻处罚。
第八条 有下列情形之一的，可以从轻或者免予处罚：
（一）走私情节轻微的；
（二）当事人主动交待、检举立功的；
（三）走私行为在三年以后发现的。
前款第（三）项规定的期限，从走私行为发生之日起计算；走私行为是连续状态的，从最后一次走私行为发生之日起计算。
第三章 违反海关监管规定的行为及处罚
第九条 违反海关法规但不构成走私行为的，是违反海关监管规定的行为。
第十条 违反国家进出口管理法规，没有领取许可证件擅自进出口货物的，没收货物或者责令退运；经发证机关核准补发许可证件的，处货物等值以下的罚款。
第十一条 有下列行为之一的，处货物、物品等值以下或者应缴税款两倍以下的罚款：
（一）逃避海关监管，运输、携带、邮寄货物、物品进出境，但有关货物、物品不属于国家禁止进出境的物品、国家限制进出口或者依法应当缴纳关税的货物、物品的；
（二）未经海关许可，擅自开拆、提取、交付、发运、调换、改装、抵押、转让海关监管货物或者海关尚未放行的进出境物品的；
（三）经营保税货物的运输、储存、加工、装配、寄售业务，有关记录不真实或者数量短少不能提供正当理由的；
（四）未经海关许可，将特定减税或者免税进口的货物、物品移作他用的；
（五）进出境货物申报不实的；
（六）不按照规定期限将暂时进出口货物复运出境或者复运进境，擅自留在境内或者境外的；
（七）不按照规定期限将过境、转运、通运货物运输出境，擅自留在境内的；
（八）未经海关批准并补缴关税，擅自转让进出境运输工具的自用物料、物品的。
第十二条 有下列行为之一的，处人民币五万元以下的罚款：
（一）未经国务院或者国务院授权的机关批准，运输工具不经设立海关的地点进出境的；
（二）在海关监管区停留的进出境运输工具，未经海关同意擅自驶离的；
（三）进出境运输工具从一个设立海关的地点驶往另一个设立海关的地点，尚未办结海关手续又未经海关批准，中途改驶境外或者境内未设立海关的地点的。
第十三条 有下列行为之一的，处人民币三万元以下的罚款：
（一）进出境运输工具到达或者驶离设立海关的地点，未按照规定向海关交验有关单证或者交验的单证不真实的；
（二）不按照规定接受海关对进出境运输工具、货物、物品进行检查、查验的；
（三）进出境运输工具未经海关同意，擅自装卸进出境货物、物品或者上下进出境旅客的；
（四）进出境运输工具未经海关同意，擅自兼营境内客货运输或者用于进出境运输以外的其他用途的；
（五）进出境运输工具未按照规定办理海关手续，擅自改营境内运输的；
（六）经营保税货物的储存、加工、装配、寄售业务，不按照规定办理收存、交付、核销手续，或者中止、延长、转让有关合同不按照规定向海关办理手续的；
（七）在海关监管区以外存放海关监管货物，未经海关同意或者不接受海关监管的；
（八）擅自开启或者损毁海关加施于运输工具、仓库场所或者货物的封志的。
第十四条 有下列行为之一的，处人民币两万元以下的罚款：
（一）进境运输工具在进境以后向海关申报以前，出境运输工具在办结海关手续以后出境以前，不按照交通主管机关或者海关指定的路线行进的；
（二）载运海关监管货物的进出境船舶、汽车不按照海关指定的路线行进的；
（三）进出境船舶和航空器，由于不可抗力被迫在未设立海关的地点停泊、降落，以及抛掷或者起卸货物、物品，不向附近海关报告而无正当理由的。
第十五条 有下列行为之一的，责令补税或者将有关物品退运，可以并处物品等值以下的罚款：
（一）个人携带、邮寄超过海关规定数量但数额较小仍属自用的物品进出境，未向海关申报的；
（二）个人携带、邮寄物品进出境，向海关申报不实，或者不接受海关查验的；
（三）经海关登记准予暂时免税进境或者出境的物品，未按规定复带出境或者复带进境的；
（四）未经海关批准，过境人员将其所带物品留在境内的。
第十六条 有下列行为之一的，处人民币一千元以下的罚款：
（一）无特殊原因，未将进出境船舶、火车、航空器到达的时间、停留的地点或者更换的时间、地点事先通知海关的；
（二）擅自开启、损毁海关加施于物品的封志的；
（三）违反海关法规，致使海关不能或者中断对进出境运输工具、货物、物品实施监管的。
第十七条 携带、邮寄国家禁止进出境的物品进出境，在海关检查以前主动报明的，分别按规定予以没收或者责令退回，并可酌情处以罚款。
第十八条 违反海关监管规定情节轻微，或者当事人主动交待的，可以从轻或者免予处罚。
违反海关监管规定的行为在三年以后发现的，免予处罚。
第四章 走私行为及违反海关监管规定行为的处理
第十九条 走私行为、违反海关监管规定行为的处理，由海关关长决定。
第二十条 海关扣留货物、物品或者运输工具，应当发给扣留凭单。
扣留凭单的格式，由海关总署统一制定。
第二十一条 对于无法或者不便扣留的货物、物品或者运输工具，海关可以向当事人或者运输工具负责人收取等值的保证金或者抵押物。
第二十二条 依法扣留的货物、物品和运输工具，在人民法院判决或者海关处罚决定生效之前，不得处理。但是对于鲜活、易腐或者易失效的货物、物品，可以先行变卖，价款由海关保存，并通知其所有人。
第二十三条 经海关查明，确属来源于走私行为非法取得的存款、汇款，海关可以书面通知银行或者邮局暂停支付，同时通知存款人或者汇款人。暂停支付的期限不得超过三个月。海关作出的处罚决定生效后，有关款项由海关依照《海关法》和本实施细则的规定处理。
第二十四条 企业事业单位、国家机关、社会团体违反海关法规，除处罚该单位外，海关还可以对其主管人员和直接责任人员分别处以人民币一千元以下的罚款。
第二十五条 企业事业单位、国家机关、社会团体违反《海关法》，海关可以视情节暂时停止给予特定减免税优惠，暂时取消其报关资格，或者吊销有关当事人的报关员证书。
第二十六条 对于走私行为、违反海关监管规定行为的处罚，海关应当向当事人送达处罚通知书。
当事人对海关的处罚决定不服的，可以自处罚通知书送达之日起三十日内，向作出处罚决定的海关或者上一级海关书面申请复议；有关海关应当在收到复议申请书后的九十日内作出复议决定，并制发复议决定书送达当事人。当事人对复议决定仍然不服的，可以自复议决定书送达之日起
三十日内，向人民法院起诉。
当事人也可以自处罚通知书送达之日起三十日内，直接向人民法院起诉。当事人选择直接向人民法院起诉的，不得向海关申请复议。
海关处罚通知书和复议决定书的格式，由海关总署统一制定。
第二十七条 海关送达处罚通知书和复议决定书，可以直接送交当事人签收；也可以邮寄送达，以挂号回执上注明的收件日期为送达日期。无法送达的应当公告；公告即视为送达。
第二十八条 当事人在规定期限内未提出复议申请或者起诉的，处罚即为生效。
罚款、违法所得和依法追缴的走私货物、物品或者运输工具的等值价款，应当在海关处罚决定指定的期限内缴清。
第二十九条 受海关处罚的当事人在境内没有永久住所的，应当在离境前缴清罚款、违法所得和依法追缴的货物、物品或者运输工具的等值价款。当事人对海关的处罚决定不服或者在离境前不能缴清上述款项的，应当交付相当于上述款项的保证金、抵押物，或者提供海关认可的其他保
证。
当事人如期履行海关的处罚决定后，海关应当及时发还其交付的保证金、抵押物，其他保证立即终止。
第三十条 当事人逾期不履行海关的处罚决定又不申请复议或者起诉的，作出处罚决定的海关可以将其保证金没收，或者将其被扣留、抵押的货物、物品、运输工具变价抵缴，也可以申请人民法院强制执行。
第三十一条 依照本实施细则处以罚款但不没收进出境货物、物品、运输工具的，不免除当事人依法缴纳关税、办理有关海关手续的义务。
第五章 附 则
第三十二条 海关工作人员滥用职权、故意刁难、拖延监管、查验的，依照国务院关于国家机关工作人员奖惩规定给予行政处分；徇私舞弊、玩忽职守或者放纵走私的，根据情节轻重，依照国务院关于国家机关工作人员奖惩规定给予行政处分或者依照法律规定追究刑事责任。
第三十三条 本实施细则下列用语的含义是：
“物品”，包括货币、金银、有价证券等在内。
“等值”，均以当时当地国营市场零售价格为准；上述价格不能确定时，由海关估定。
“以下”、“以内”，均包括本数在内。
第三十四条 国家限制进出口货物的品名，由国务院主管部门公布。
国家禁止进出境物品的品名由海关总署根据《海关法》和其他有关法律、法规，会同国务院有关主管部门确定，由海关总署公布。
国家限制进出境物品的品名，由海关总署公布。
第三十五条 本实施细则由海关总署负责解释。
第三十六条 本实施细则自1987年7月1日起施行。
The Rules of Administrative Penalties for the Implementation ofthe Customs Law of the Peoples Republic of China（Promulgated by the Customs General Administration on July 1,1987）Whole Doc.
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
Pursuant to Article 60 of the Customs Law the Rules are formulated with a view to implementing the provisions on legal liabilities of the Custom Law of the Peoples Republic of China（hereinafter referred to as the Customs Law）.
Article 2
The Rules shall be applicable to the smuggling act which does not constitute smuggling crime, to the act of smuggling crime exempted from prosecution and criminal penalties and to handling of acts in violation of the Customs supervision and control.
Chapter II Act of Smuggling and Punishment
Article 3
Any of the following acts constitutes an act of smuggling:
（1） To transport, carry articles prohibited by the State into or out of the Chinese territory at places without Customs, goods and articles restricted by the State in import and export and goods and articles subject to the Customs duty in accordance with the law without the prior approval by the State Council or the Authority empowered by the State Council.
（2） To transport, carry or mail at places with Customs imports and exports prohibited, imports and exports restricted and dutiable goods and articles specified by the State into and out of the territory for the purpose of escaping from the Customs supervision and control by means of concealing, falsifying, deceiving, forging or other means.
（3） To sell bonded goods imported under special permission and other goods under the Customs supervision and control or foreign means of transport already within the territory without permission by the Customs and payment of the Customs duty.
（4） To sell duty-reduced or duty-exempted goods imported under special permission for specific enterprise and specific use, or to transfer the duty-reduced or duty-exempted goods imported under special permission for a specific area to other areas within the territory without permission by the Customs and payment of the Custom duty.
Article 4
Any of the following acts shall be delt with as smuggling:
（1） To illegally purchase the imported smuggled goods and articles directly from the smuggler.
（2） To transport, purchase and sell articles prohibited by the State into or out of the territory, or transport, purchase or sell goods and articles restricted by the State in import and export without lawful certificates at Chinas inland territorial waters and territorial waters.
Article 5
Punishment shall be made in accordance with the following provisions in the case of any of the acts listed in Article 3 and Article 4 of the Rules:
（1） Articles which are prohibited into and out of the territory by the State shall be confiscated as well as the illegal incomes and a penalty of less than RMB 50,000 may be imposed in addition in the case of smuggling of such articles.
（2） The smuggled goods and articles restricted by the State in import and export or goods and articles subjected to the Customs duty under the law and illegal incomes shall be confiscated and a penalty of less than the value of the smuggled goods and articles or less than three times of the Customs duty payable may be in addition imposed.
（3） Goods and articles used for the purpose to cover up smuggled goods and articles shall be confiscated, and specially designed instruments for concealing smuggled goods and articles shall be confiscated or dismantled by order.
In case the smuggled goods and articles are beyond the possibility of confiscation, a sum of money equal to the value of smuggled goods and articles shall be collected.
Article 6
Smuggling acts committed jointly by two or more persons shall be subject to the approach that the two persons are punished separately according to the seriousness and responsibility of each case.
Those who conceal what they know of the case and facilitate smugglers shall be punished by confiscating illegal incomes. In the absence of illegal incomes, a penalty of less than RMB 5,000 shall be imposed.
Article 7
Those preparing tools and creating conditions for smuggling shall be in lenient manner subject to punishment provided in Article 5 of the Rules.
Article 8
Any of the following acts shall be put to punishment in lenient manner or exemption from punishment:
（1） Slight smuggling；
（2） The party concerned has confessed its illegal act on his own initiative and informed against offenders and make contributions；
（3） The smuggling act is discovered three years later；
The duration provided in above（3） shall be calculated as from the day when the smuggling act is committed. In case the act is successive, the duration shall be calculated as from the day when the last smuggling act is committed.
Chapter III Punishment and Acts in Violation of the Provisions Regarding the Customs Supervision and Control
Article 9
Acts in violation of the Customs law and regulations which do not constitute smuggling are acts in violation of the Provisions regarding the Customs supervision and control.
Article 10
Goods imported or exported without any licence and in violation of laws and regulations in relation to the import and export administration shall be confiscated or transported back by order. In the event that the license is issued afterwards which the examination by the license administration authorities, a penalty of less than the value of the goods shall be imposed.
Article 11
Any of the following acts shall be imposed a penalty of less than the value of the goods and articles or less than two times of the Customs duty payable:
（1） To evade the Customs supervision and control and to transport, carry or mail into or out of the territory the goods and articles which do not belong to articles prohibited into or out of the territory or goods and articles restricted in import and export or those goods and articles subject to the Customs duty under the Customs Law.
（2） To open, pick up, deliver, forward, replace, repackage, mortgage or transfer the goods under the Customs supervision and control or the articles which have not been released into and out of the territory by the Customs without the prior approval by the Customs.
（3） In handling the transport, storage, processing, assembling and consigning of the bonded goods, failing to provide authentic records or appropriate reasons for the short in quantity.
（4） To shift the specific imported goods with duty reduction or exemption for other uses without the prior approval by the Customs.
（5） To intentionally misdeclare the goods when entering or leaving the territory.
（6） To fail to re-import or re-export the goods which are temporarily exported or imported within the stipulated period of time and instead to acquire the goods inside or outside the territory without permission.
（7） To fail to transport the transit goods, transshipment goods or through goods out of the territory within the stipulated period of time and instead to acquire the goods presumptuously inside the territory without permission.
（8） To transfer presumptuously the self-use materials and articles for inward and outward means of transport without the prior approval by the Customs and payment of the Customs duty.
Article 12
Any of the following acts shall be imposed a penalty of less than RMB 50,000:
（1） The means of transport fail to enter or leave the territory at places with the Customs and without the prior approval by the State Council or approval by the Authorities empowered by the State Council.
（2） The inward and outward means of transport in the "Customs Surveillance Zone" leaves without the prior permission by the Customs.
（3） The inward and outward means of transport which goes from one place with Customs to another place with Customs divert halfway to places inside or outside the territory without Customs before the completion of Customs procedures and without the prior approval by the Customs.
Article 13
Any of the following acts imposed a penalty of less than RMB 30,000:
（1） Failure to provide the relevant documents to the Customs for examination in accordance with provisions or the documents provided for examination are not authentic when the inward and outward means of transport arrive at or leave the place with the Customs；
（2） To refuse to accept the inspection and examination by the Customs in accordance with the provisions over the inward and outward means of transport and the goods and articles；
（3） The inward and outward means of transport load or unload presumptuously the imported and exported goods and articles or passengers entering or leaving the territory without the prior permission by the Customs；
（4） The inward and outward means of transport conduct presumptuously domestic goods or passenger transportation business or are used for the purpose other than the transportation entering or leaving the territory without the prior permission by the Customs；
（5） The inward and outward means of transport divert to conduct presumptuously transportation business in the territory without going through Customs procedures in accordance with the provisions；
（6） In handling the storage, assembling, processing, consigning of the bonded goods, failure to go through receiving, delivery, or canceling procedures in accordance with the provisions, or failure to go through Customs procedures in accordance with the provisions upon suspension, extension, and assignment of relevant contracts；
（7） To deposit the goods subject to the Customs supervision and control outside the "Customs Surveillance Zone" without the prior permission by the Customs or reject the Customs supervision and control；
（8） To open presumptuously or damage the Customs seals attached by the customs on the means of transport, warehouses and goods.
Article 14
Any of the following acts shall be imposed a penalty of less than RMB 20,000:
（1） Failure to go along the route designated by the competent transportation administration authorities or the Customs during the time after the inward means of transport have entered the territory but before declaring to the Customs or during the time after the outward means of transport have completed Customs procedures but before leaving the territory.
（2） The inward and outward vessels, vehicles carry the goods subject to the Customs supervision and control do not go along the route designated by the Customs.
（3） Failure to report to the Customs without appropriated reasons when the inward and outward vessels and aircraft have to berth, land and throw or unload the goods and articles at the places without Customs due to force majeure.
Article 15
Any of the following acts shall be ordered to pay the Customs duty or re-transport the relevant articles and may be imposed in addition a penalty of less than the value of the articles:
（1） Non-declaration of the self-use articles exceeding the limit stipulated by the Customs in small amount carried or posted personally into or out of the territory；
（2） False declaration or rejection of the Customs examination over the articles personally carried or posted into or out of the territory.
（3） Failure to re-carry the articles registered and admitted into or out of the territory by the Customs and temporarily exempted from the Customs duty out of or into the territory；
（4） Maintaining inside the territory the articles carried into the territory by transit passengers without the prior approval by the Customs；
Article 16
Any of the following acts shall be imposed a penalty of less than RMB 1,000:
（1） To fail to notify the Customs in advance of the time of arrival, the place to stop or the transit and the place thereof of the inward and outward vessels, trains and aircraft without special reasons；
（2） To open or damage the Customs seals attached by the Customs on the articles without permission；
（3） To violate the Customs laws and regulations which makes it impossible or suspended that the Customs supervise and control over the inward and outward means of transport, goods and articles.
Article 17
Personally carried or posted articles prohibited into or out of the territory by the State, but declared to the Customs before the Customs inspection shall be confiscated or delivered back by order in accordance with the provisions and a penalty may be imposed according to the seriousness of each case.
Article 18
Punishment in lenient manner or exemption from punishment shall be accorded in the case of slight violation of the provisions regarding the Customs supervision and control or of voluntary confession.
Exemption from punishment shall be accorded when act in violation of the provisions regarding the Customs supervision and control is discovered three years later.
Chapter IV Disposal of Smuggling Act and Act in Violation of the Provisions Regarding the Customs Supervision and Control
Article 19
The disposal of the smuggling act and act in violation of the provisions regarding the Customs supervision and control shall be decided by the director of the Customs House.
Article 20
Certificates of detainment shall be issued by the Customs for the detainment of goods and articles or means of transport.
The standard form of the certificates of detainment shall be compiled by the Customs General Administration.
Article 21
Customs may collect bond or mortgage equal to the value of the goods and articles or means of transport which are impossible or inconvenient to be detained from the party or the person in charge of the means of transport.
Article 22
The goods and articles or means of transport under detainment in accordance with the provisions shall be disposed before the court award is made or the punishment decision by the Customs enters into force. But the goods and articles which are fresh, living, perishable or liable to loosing effect may be sold before the court award or the punishment decision is made. The proceeds shall be deposited in the Customs and the owner shall be notified.
Article 23
In the case of deposit or remittance illegally obtained from smuggling acts as confirmed by the Customs through investigation, the Customs may notify, in writings, the bank or the post office to suspend the payment and notify at the same time the depositor or the remitter. The period of such suspension of payment shall not exceed 3 months. After the penalty imposed by the Customs enters into force, the sum of money concerned shall be disposed by the Customs in accordance with the Customs Law and the Rules.
Article 24
In the case of violation of the Customs Law by enterprises, institutions, governmental departments or social organizations, Customs may impose a penalty of less than RMB 1,000 on the persons in charge or directly liable in addition to the punishment on the entities.
Article 25
In the case of violation of the Customs Law by enterprises, institutions governmental departments or social organizations, Customs may, in the light of the seriousness of the case, suspend the preferential treatments of tax reduction and exemption and nullify temporarily the capacity of declaration to the Customs or revoke the certificate of declaration held by the person concerned.
Article 26
Punishment notification shall be delivered to the party in respect of the punishment for violation of the provisions regarding the Customs supervision and control and for the act of smuggling.
The party disobedient to the punishment decision made by the Customs may apply in writing for reconsideration to the Customs House which made the punishment decision or to the higher level of the Customs House within 30 days after the receipt of the punishment notification. The Customs House in charge shall make a reconsideration decision within 90 days after the receipt of application and make available the reconsideration decision to the party.
The party disobedient to the reconsideration decision may sue to the court within 30 days after the receipt of letters of such decision.
The party may also directly sue to the peoples court within 30 days after the receipt of the punishment notification. In the case of direct lawsuit to the peoples court, the party shall not apply to the Customs for the reconsideration.
The standard form of punishment notification and the reconsideration decision letters shall be compiled by the Customs General Administration.
Article 27
The Customs may deliver the punishment notification or letters of the reconsideration decision directly to and for receipt signed by the party, or by mail with the date on the registered note of receipt as the date of service. Proclamation shall be made in the case of impossibility of delivery and shall be regarded as service.
Article 28
The punishment decision letter shall enter into force where the party has not applied for the reconsideration or sued to the court within the stipulated period of time.
Penalties, illegal incomes and a sum of money equal to the value of the smuggled goods and articles of means of transport recovered in accordance with the law shall be paid within the period of time stipulated by the Customs punishment decision.
Article 29
In case that the party do not have permanent residence in the territory, payment shall be made in respect of the penalties, illegal incomes and the sum of money equal to the value of the smuggled goods and articles and means of transport recovered in accordance with the law before he leaves the territory In case that the party is disobedient to the punishment or can not pay the sum before he leaves the territory, a bond or mortgage equal in value to the above mentioned sum or other securities approved by the Customs shall be provided.
In case the performance of the punishment decision made by the Customs within the period of time, the Customs shall immediately return the bonds, mortgages handed in to the party and other securities shall immediately terminate.
Article 30
In the case of non-performance of the Customs Punishment and in the absence of application for reconsideration or lawsuit by the party after the stipulated period of time, the Customs which made the punishment decision may confiscate the bonds or sell the goods and articles or means of transport under detainment or on mortgage as the punishment, and the Customs may also apply to the peoples court for enforcement.
Article 31
The party shall not be exempted from payment of the Customs duty and completion of the Customs procedures where penalty is imposed in accordance with the Rules but the goods and articles or means of transport are not confiscated.
Chapter V Supplementary Provisions
Article 32
In the case of abuse of powers and intentional delay in the inspection or supervision or control, the Customs personnel shall be subject to administrative punishment in accordance with the provisions regarding the rewards and penalties to governmental personnel stipulated by the State Council. In the case of bribery or dereliction of duty or indulgence of smuggling, administrative punishment shall be imposed in accordance with the provisions regarding rewards and penalties to governmental personnel stipulated by the State Council or legal proceeding shall be persuade for criminal offence in accordance with the law and regulations.
Article 33
Terms used in the Rules are defined as follows:
The term"articles" shall include currencies, gold and silver and securities.
The term"equal in value" shall be determined according to current retail price in local state-owned market.
In case the above price can not be determined, the Customs valuation shall be required.
"include" and"less than" shall include the principal figure.
Article 34
The name-list of the goods restricted in import and export by the State shall be promulgated by the competent authorities in charge under the State Council.
The name-list of the articles prohibited into or out of the territory by the State shall be determined by the Customs General Administration in accordance with the Customs Law and the relevant laws and regulations in association with the competent departments in charge under the State Council and promulgated by the Customs General Administration.
The name-list of the articles restricted into and out of the territory by the State shall be promulgated by the Customs General Administration.
Article 35
The authority of interpretation of the Rules resides in the Customs General Administration of the PRC.
Article 36
The Rules shall enter into force on the date of July 1, 1987.
